{Grammar} 과거표현 - Past Tence

To express that an event happened in the past, verbs that end in '_하다' become'-했-' and '아/오' verbs become '-았-'. All other verbs become '-었-'.

When a stem ends in '하-':-였+어요
일하다: 일하+였+어요 - 일했어요.
전화하다; 전화하+였+어요 - 전화했어요.
공부하다: 공부하+였+어요 - 공부했어요
When a stem ends in 'ㅏ,ㅗ': -았+어요
만나다; 만나+았+어요 - 만났어요
가다; 가+았+어요 - 갔어요
앉다; 앉+았+어요 - 앉았어요
Others: -었+어요.
쉬다: 쉬+었+어요 - 쉬었어요.
먹다: 먹+었+어요 - 먹었어요.
입다: 입+었+어요 - 입었어요.




Example
어제 쇼핑했어요 -  I went shopping yesterday.
어제 향수를 샀어요 -  I bought perfume yesterday
어제 John씨는 집에서 쉬었어요 - John rested at his house yesterday.

{Grammar} ___[으]ㄹ 수 있다/없다 can/can't [verb]

 '_[으]ㄹ 수 있다/없다' is used to express whether or not something can be done.If the verb it is attached to ends in a consonant. '_을 수 있다/없다'is used. If the verb it is attached to ends in a vowel, '_ㄹ 수 있다/없다' is used.
*When a stem ends in 'ㄹ', just '수 있다/없다' is added : 놀다 => 놀 수 있다/없다, 만들다 => 만들 수 있다/없다 

[Consonant]+을 수 있다/없다
읽+을 수 있다/없다 : 한국어 책을 읽을 수 있어요. I can read a book in Korean.
먹+을 수 있다/없다 : 김치를 먹을 수 없어요. I can't eat gimchi
[Vowel]+ㄹ 수 있다/없다
쉬+ㄹ 수 있다/없다 :  쉴 수 있어요 I can take a break.
타+ㄹ 수 있다/없다 : 스키를 탈 수 없어요 I can't ski. 

Example

 A: 스키를 탈 수 있어요? Can you ski?
B: 네, 스키를 탈 수 있어요.  Yes, I can ski.

A: 내일 만날 수 있어요? Can you meet tomorrow?
B: 미안해요, 시간이 없어요. I'm sorry,I don't have time.

{Grammar} ____[으]면 - If [sentence],then[sentence]

If You can't Afford PUMA - 푸마를 살 여유가 없다면

'-[으]면'is used to express a condition.If the verb or adjective ends in a consonant,'-으면' is used. If it ends in a vowel,'-면' is used.
*when a stem ends in 'ㄹ',just '_면'is added : 놀다=> 놀면, 만들다=>만들면

[Consonant]+으면
앉+으면 ; 앉으면 편해요 - If you sit,then you will be comfortable.
읽+으면 ; 책을 읽으면 좋아요 - If you read books, then it's good.
[Vowel]+면
가+면 ;  집에 가면 보통 자요-If I go home, then I usually sleep.
만나+면 ;  친구를 만나면 영화를 봐요 - If I meet a friend, then we watch a movie.

Example
A: 시간이 나면 뭐해요? If you have free time, what do you do?
B: 시간이 나면 운동해요. If I have free time, I work out.

A: 돈이 많으면 뭐 하고 싶어요? If you have a lot of money, what do you want to do?
B: 집을 사고 싶어요. I want to buy a house.

{Grammar} ___[으]로 toward.

'_[으]로' is used to indicate a certain direction. If the direction ends in a consonant, '-으로'is used. If the verb ends in a vowel or a consonant ends in 'ㄹ',then'-로'is used.

[Consonant]+으로
앞+으로 : 앞으로 가세요 - Go forward
오른쪽 + 으로: 오른쪽으로 가세요 - Go right
왼쪽+으로:왼쪽으로 가세요- Go left
[vowel,Consonant 'ㄹ']+로
뒤+로: 뒤로 가세요 - Go backward.
사무실+로 : 사무실로 가세요 - Go to office

Example
A: 남대문 시장이 어디에 있어요?
     Where is Namdaemoon market?
B: 앞으로 쭉 가세요. 오른쪽에 있어요.
     Go straight forward. It's on the right.

Vocabularies
삼거리:  T-junction.
사거리: Crossroads.
신호등: traffic light
횡단보도: crosswalk
지하도:underpass
육교:pedestrian bridge
차도: roadway
보도: sidewalk
곧장 가세요: Go straight.
육교를 건너세요: Take the pedestrian bridge.
횡단보도를 건너세요: Take the crosswalk.
사거리에서 오른쪽으로 가세요: Make a right at the crosswalk.

{Grammar} ____[으]세요 imperative ending.

_____[으]세요 imperative ending.
Combine a verb with '-[으]세요' to give a command or instruction to someone. If the verb ends in a consonant, '-으세요' is used. If the verb ends in a vowel, '-세요' is used.
*When a stem ends in 'ㄹ', the 'ㄹ' is dropped and '-세요'is added.

[Consonant]+으세요
앉+으세요 : 앉으세요- Sit down.
읽+으세요 : 책을 읽으세요 - Read the book.
[Vowel]+세요
가+세요 : 집에 가세요 - Go home
만나+세요 :  친구를 만나세요 -Meet your friend.

{Grammar} __[으]러 가다/오다 go [infinitive]

_______[으]러 가다/오다 go [infinitive]
The form '[verb]_[으]러 가다/오다' is  used to express the reason for going [가다] or coming [오다]. If the verb ends in a consonant, '_으러' is used. If the feb ends in a vowel, '_러' is used.

When a stem ends in 'ㄹ', just '-러 가다/오다' is added.
놀다 - 놀러 가다/오다
만들다- 만들러 가다/오다.

[consonant]+으러 
먹+으러: 밥을 먹으러 식당에 가요 = I'm going to the restaurant to eat.
읽+으러: 책을 읽으러 도서관에 가요 = I'm going to the library to read books.
[Vowel]+러
만나+러 : 친구를 만나러 공원에 가요 = I'm going to the park to meet my friend.
마시+러 : 술을 마시러 술집에 가요 = I'm going to the bar to drink alcohol.

A:어디에 가세요? Where are you going?
B: 친구 생일 선물을 사러 백화점에 가요. I'm going to the department store to buy a friend's present.

A: 한국사람은 술을 마시러 어디에 가요? Where do Koreans go to drink alcohol?
B: 삼겹살 식당에 가요. They go to samgyeopsal restartants.

{Grammar} Particle ___에 to[place]

The particle '_에' is used after a place.
A: 극장에 가요? Are you going to theater?
B: 네, 극장에 가요. Yes, I'm going to a theater.

A:어디에 가요? Where are you going?
B:노래방에 가요. I'm going to a singing room

{Grammar} ____지만 [sentence] but [sentence]

___지만 [sentence] but [sentence]
'_지만' is used when you want to add a comment about the previously mentioned content or situation. Add '_지만' to the verb or adjective stem.

Example
1)김치는 맵지만 맛있어요.
The gimchi is spicy but tasty.

2)축구는 할 수 있지만 야구는 할 수 없어요.
I can play soccer but I can't play baseball.

3)피아노는 칠 수 없지만 기타는 칠 수 있어요.
I can't, but I can play the guitar

{Grammar} 별로 ___지 않다. be not particularly [verb/adjective]

"별로" and "그다지" are always used with the negative forms "__지 않다, __지 못하다, 안, 못" to express that whatever is being discussed is not completely so.

[basic form]: _아/어요 - 별로 _지 않다.
             덥다 : 더워요 - 별로 덥지 않아요
             춥다 : 추워요- 별로 춥지 않아요
       따뜻하다 : 따뜻해요 - 별로 따뜻하지 않아요
       시원하다 : 시원해요 - 별로 시원하지 않아요
   날씨가 좋다 : 날씨가 좋아요 - 날씨가 별로 좋지 않아요
      비가 오다 : 비가 와요 - 비가 별로 오지 않아요
       눈이 오다: 눈이 와요 - 눈이 별로 오지 않아요
   바람이 불다 : 바람이 불어요 - 바람이 별로 불지 않아요.

Examples

A: 떡볶이가 매워요?
    Is the tteokbokki spicy?
B: 그다지 맵지 않아요.
   It is not particularly spicy.

A: 뭐 먹고 싶어요?
     What do you want to eat?
B: 별로 먹고 싶지 않아요.
     I am not particularly hungry.

{Grammar} ___이/가 어때요? How about [noun]?

When asking someone for their opinion about something,'[noun]이/가 어때요?' is used.Nouns ending in consonants are followed by '-이' and nouns ending in vowels are followed by '-가'.

[consonant]+이 어때요? 
비빔밥이 어때요? How is bibimbab?

[Vowel]+가 어때요?
주스가 어때요? How is juice?


Examples

A: 오늘 날씨가 어때요?
     How is the weather today?
B: 따뜻해요.
     It's hot.

A: 한국사람이 어때요?
     what do you think about Korean people?
B: 친절해요.
    They are nice.

{Grammar} _____고 싶다 want to, would like to [verb]

This ending is added to a verb to express the desire to do something.

[basic form] :  __고 싶다
            보다 : 보+고 싶다 ->보고 싶다
            먹다 : 먹+고 싶다->먹고 싶다

Examples

저는 영화를 보고 싶어요.
I want to see a movie.

영수씨,불고기를 먹고 싶어요?
Yeongsu, do you want to eat bulgogi?

I would like to buy an apple.
사과를 사고 싶어요.

I would like to drink a cup of coffee.
커피를 마시고 싶어요.

I would like to go to Korea.
한국에 가고 싶어요.

{Grammar} ___지 않다 - not [verb/adjective]

[Basic form] -> __아/어요 ->__지 않다

짜다(jjada = salty) -> 짜요(jjayo = it's salty) ->짜지 않아요(jjaji anh-ayo = It's not salty)

달다(dalda = sweet) -> 달아요(dal-ayo = it's sweet) -> 달지 않아요(dalji anh-ayo = It's not sweet)

Verbs or adjectives can be made negative by adding "__지 않다" to the end.

 Example

A: 음식이 달아요?(eumsig-i dal-ayo) - Is the food sweet?

B: 아니요, 달지 않아요(아니요, 달지 않아요) - No, it's not sweet.

A: 된장찌개가 짜요?(doenjangjjigaega jjayo) - Is the doenjangjigae salty?

B: 아니요, 짜지 않아요(aniyo, jjaji anh-ayo) -  No, it's not salty.

"ㅂ"불규칙 irregular conjugation rule.

When an adjectives's stem ends in "ㅂ" such as "싱겁다, 맵다, 부드럽다", the "ㅂ" changes into "우" and combined with the usual "_어요."

[Basic form]->__아/어요 -> __지 않다

싱겁다(sing-geobda = bland) -> 싱거우어요-싱거워요(=it's bland) -> 싱겁지 않아요(=It's not bland)

맵다(maebda = spicy) -> 매우어요-매워요(=it's spicy)->맵지 않아요(=It's not spicy)

Example

찌개가 싱거워요 - The stew is bland.

오늘은 더워요 - Today is hot.

{Grammar} 하고 - [noun] and [noun]

"-하고(-hago)" is used when listing more than one item. "-하고(-hago)" is often used in spoken Korean while "-와/과(-wa/gwa)"are mostly used only in written Korean.

Spoken language : [Consonant, Vowel] + 하고(hago)

                              주스하고 김밥(juseuhago gimbab) - Juice and gimbap

                              김밥하고 주스(gimbabhago juseu) - Gimbap and juice

Written languae : [Consonant] + 과(gwa) 

                              김밥과 주스(gimbabgwa juseu) - Gimbap and juice

                             [Vowel] + 와(wa)

                             주스와 김밥(juseuwa gimbab) - Juice and gimbap

Example)

비빔밥하고 떡볶이 주세요(bibimbabhago tteogbokk-i juseyo) - Please give me bibimbap and tteokbokki.

김치찌개하고 삼겹살 2인분 주세요(gimchijjigaehago samgyeobsal 2inbun juseyo) - Please give me gimchijjigae and two serving of samgyeopsal.

순대 1인분과 김밥1인분 주세요(sundae 1inbungwa gimbab1inbun juseyo) - Please give me one order of sundae and gimbap.

___인분(inbun) serving

when ordering meat you may ask for one serving. two serving, three serving, etc. However restaurants rarely sell only one serving.

{Grammar} 나는 드라마를 좋아해요 - I like K-drama.

___을/를 좋아해요 - I like [noun],____을/를 싫어해요 - i dislike [noun]
The particles -을/를" are combined with noun to show it is the object of the verb. Treansitive verbs always need "-을/를" with the object. If the precedingn oun ends in a consonant."-을"is used. If the preceding noun ends in a vowel,"-를"is attached to the noun. Usually, the particle "-을/를" is omitted in speech.

자음[consonant]+을
와인(wine)+을:와인을 좋아해요(wain-eul joh-ahaeyo) - I like wine.
샴페인(champange)+을:샴페인을 싫어해요(syampein-eul silh-eohaeyo) - I dislike champange.
모음[Vowel]+를
소주(soju)+를 : 소주를 좋아해요(sojuleul joh-ahaeyo) - I like soju.
포도주스(grape juice)+를: 포도주스를 싫어해요(podojuseuleul silh-eohaeyo) - I dislike grape juice.

저는 슈퍼주니어를 좋아해요(jeoneun syupeojunieoleul joh-ahaeyo) - I like super junior.

저는 한국 드라마를 좋아해요(jeoneun hangug deulamaleul joh-ahaeyo) -I like K-drama.

저는 양파를 싫어해요(jeoneun yangpaleul silh-eohaeyo) - I dislike onion.

{Grammar} 누구세요? - Who are you?

1)____________[이]세요(______[i]seyo) honorific form of "be"

This form is used with nouns to show more respect for an elder you are talking about. if the preceding noun ends in a consonant, then "-이세요(-iseyo)"is used. If the precedig noun ends in a vowel, then "-세요(-seyo)" is used. Otherwise, simply use"-이에요/예요(-ieyo/yeyo)" endings when referring to someone not older than you.

자음[Consonant]+이세요

삼촌+이세요 : 이분은 제 삼촌이세요(ibun-eun je samchon-iseyo). This man is my uncle.
선생님+이세요:이분은 선생님이세요(ibun-eun seonsaengnim-iseyo). This person is my teacher.

모음[Vowel]+세요

아버지+세요: 이분은 아버지세요(ibun-eun abeojiseyo). This man is my father.
어머니+세요:이분은 어머니세요(ibun-eun eomeoniseyo).This woman is my mother.

A: 이분은 누구세요(ibun-eun nuguseyo)? - Who is this lady?

B: 제 어머니세요(je eomeoniseyo)? - this is my mother.

2)_________[으]세요(_____[e]useyo). honorific form of 'verb'

This form is used when you wish to speak about the subject of the sentence in a formal manner or when you want to speak about a fact. If the verb ends in a consonant, "-으세요(-euseyo)" is used. If the verb ends in a vowel. then'-세요(-seyo)'is used. when you are not speaking about someone of a elevated position,you may simply use the"-아/어요(-a/eoyo)"form.

자음[consonant]+으세요(euseyo)
입+으세요: 아버지가 코트를 입으세요(abeojiga koteuleul ib-euseyo) - my father is wearing a coat.
앉+으세요: 어머니가 앉으세요(eomeoniga anj-euseyo) - my mother is sitting.
모음[vowel]+세요(seyo)
오+세요: 할아버지가 오세요(hal-abeojiga oseyo) - my grandfather is coming.
쉬+세요: 할머니가 쉬세요(halmeoniga swiseyo) - my grandmother is resting.

{Grammar} 지금 뭐 해요? - What are you doing now?

지금 뭐해요(jigeummwohaeyo)? - What are you doing now? 

  1._____아/어요(_____a/eoyo) -casual ending.

To express and question an action or state, use "_____아/어요(_____a/eoyo)",하__(ha_)" verbs/adjectives become "__어요(하여요->해요)__eoyo(hayeoyo->haeyo)"and  "ㅏ,ㅗ" verbs/adjectives become "__아요(__ayo)". All other verbs/adjectives become "__어요(___eoyo)".

When a stem ends in "하~" : 일하다(Ilhada)- 일하+여요=일해요

When a stem ends in "ㅏ,ㅗ": 가다(Gada)- 가+아요=가요, 받다(Badda)- 받+아요=받아요

Others : 쉬다(Swida)-쉬+어요=쉬어요, 맛있다(mas-issda)-맛있+어요=맛있어요

1)저는 영화를 봐요(jeoneun yeonghwaleul bwayo) - I watch a movie.
2)저는 친구를 만나요(jeoneun chinguleul mannayo) - I meet my friend.
3)John씨는 아침 식사를 해요(Johnssineun achim sigsaleul haeyo) - John eats breakfast.

2._____고(____Go)- [sentense] and [sentense]

_____고(____Go) is used when two differents events happen at the same time. And sometimes this ending._____고(____Go) is used to show that the first of two or more events or facts came about prior to the events or facts in the following clauses.

A: 뭐해요(Mwohaeyo)? - What are you doing?

B: 저는 일하고 친구를 만나요(Jeoneun ilhago chinguleul mannayo) - I'm working and then will meet a friend.

{Grammar} 생선 주세요(Yeonpil juseyo) - Please give me a fish.

 1.____ 주세요(____ juseyo) - Give me [noun].

The expression [noun]주세요(juseyo) is used when ordering something at a restaurant or asking for something at a shop '네, 여기 있어요(Ne, yeogi iss-eoyo)' or 잠시만(=잠깐만)기다리세요(jamsiman(=jamkkanman)gidaliseyo)' are common responses to this expression.

(1)A:아저씨, 가위주세요(Ajeossi, gawijuseyo) - Sir,please give me scissors.

     B:잠깐만 기다리세요.(Jamkkanman gidaliseyo) - Please wait just a  moment.

(2)A:아줌마, 크레파스 주세요(Ajumma, keulepaseu juseyo) - Mrs, please give me a pastel crayon.

     B:네, 여기 있어요(Ne, yeogi iss-eoyo) - Ok,here you are.

2. 숫자와 단위명사(Susjawa dan-wimyeongsa) - number & Classifier

Two number systems exist in Korean language. The Korean number system is used when counting objects,giving the time, or telling someone your age. The Chinese system is used when giving a phone number, talking about dates, or when talking about relatively large numbers.

Korean numbers: 하나(Hana), 둘(Dul), 셋(Ses), 넷(Nes), 다섯(Daseos), 여섯(Yeoseos), 일곱(Ilgob), 여덟(Yeodeolb), 아홉(Ahob), 열(Yeol)

Chinese numbers:일(Il),이(I),삼(Sam),사(Sa),오(O),육(Yug),칠(Chil),팔(Pal),구(Gu),십(Sib)

The Korean language has a considerable system of units for counting different objects.Generally "개(Gae)" is used to count an object; however books are replaced with "권(Gwon)";paper,CDS and scarves with "장(Jang)";bottles with "병(Byeong)"; people with "명(Myeong)";animals with "마리(Mali)" When a Korean number and object unit are combined,"하나(Hana), 둘(Dul), 셋(Ses), 넷(Nes)"become "한(Han), 두(Du), 세(Se), 네(Ne)".

아주머니, 우표 세장 주세요.(Ajumeoni, upyo sejang juseyo) - Mrs, give me three stamps please.

저기요,공책 두권 주세요.(Jeogiyo,gongchaeg dugwon juseyo) - Excuse me, please give me two notebooks.

{Grammar} 우유있어요? - Do you have milk?

1.____이/가 있어요. I have [noun] or There is [noun]

   ____이/가 없어요. I don't have [noun] or There isn't [noun]

  To express the existence of an object, '-이/가 있습니다.(-i/ga issseubnida)' is used. To express the non-existence of an object, ' -이/가 없습니다(-i/ga eobs-seubnida)' is used. If the noun in question ends in a consonant, then '-이(-i)'is used.If the noun ends in a vowel,then '-가(-ga)' is used. Usually, the particle '-이/가(-i/ga)' is omittend in speech.

[Consonant]+이 있어요 => 양말이 있어요(yangmal-i iss-eoyo) - There are socks.
                                        양말이 없어요(yangmal-i eobs-eoyo) - There aren't socks.

[Vowel]+가 있어요 => 우유가 있어요(uyuga iss-eoyo) - There is milk.

                                 우유가 없어요(uyuga eobs-eoyo) - There isn't milk. 

2.____이/가 있어요?

When looking for something at a store, you ask '[noun]이/가 있어요(i/ga iss-eoyo)?' However,usually the '-이/가(-i/ga)'is omitted in speech '[noun]있어요(iss-eoyo)?'.The typical response is either '네,있어요.(ne,iss-eoyo)' or '아니요,없어요.(aniyo,eobs-eoyo)'

1)A: 우유 있어요(uyu iss-eoyo)? - Do you have any milk?

    B: 네, 있어요.(ne, iss-eoyo) - Yes, we do.

2)A: 양말 있어요?(yangmal iss-eoyo) - Do you have socks?

    B: 아니요, 없어요(aniyo, eobs-eoyo) - No, we don't.

{Grammar} 저는 슈퍼맨이에요 - I'm Superman.

__________ 이에요/예요(Ieyo/yeyo) - Be

"__ 이에요/예요(Ieyo/yeyo)"are sentence endings, and are attached to a noun."___이에요(Ieyo)"is used when a noun ends in a consnant, and "___예요(Yeyo)" is used when a noun ends in a vowel.

저는 슈퍼맨이에요(jeoneun syupeomaen-ieyo) - I'm Superman.

한국사람이에요(Hangugsalam-ieyo) - I'm Korean.

토니예요(Toniyeyo) - I'm Tony.

저는 미국인 이에요(jeoneun migug-in ieyo) -I'm American.

저는 필리핀사람이에요(jeoneun pillipinsalam-ieyo) - I'm Filipino.

You may use nationality + 인(in) instead of nationality + 사람(salam) to express your nationality.

한국 사람/한국인(hangug salam/hangug-in)= Korean
일본 사람/일본인(ilbon salam/ilbon-in)=Japanese
캐나다 사람/캐나다인(kaenada salam/kaenadain)=Canadian
인도네시아 사람/인도네시아인(indonesia salam/indonesiain)=Indonesian
프랑스 사람/프랑스인(peulangseu salam/peulangseu-in)=French

{Grammar} Particles - 가,이 [Subject Particle]

가/이 [Subject Particle]

The Particle 가(ga) marks the subject of a sentence when the subject ends with a vowel. The alternative form 이(yi), on the other hand, is added to nouns ending with a consonant.

• 내가 먹었다(Naega meog-eossda) = I ate (It wasn't anyone else but me)
• 동생이 마셨다(Dongsaeng-i masyeossda) = Younger brother/sister drank(It wasn't someone else but them)

• 민지가 왔다(Min-jiga wassda) = Min-ji came (It wasn't some other person but Min-ji)
• 안토니가 갔다(Anthonyga gassda)= Anthony went (It wasn't some other person but Anthony)

• 저것이 한강이야(Jeogeos-i hangang-iya) = That is the Han River
• 빌딩이 높다(Bilding-i nopda) = The building  is high
• 공원이 넓다(Gong-won-i neolbda) = The park is large/spacious

마시다 = drink
동생 = younger brother/sister
먹다 = eat
민지 = Min-ji (a female name)
오다 = come
안토니 = Anthony
가다 = go
저것 = that
한강 = the Han River (in Seoul)
빌딩 = a building
높다 = high
공원 = a park
넓다 = spacious, large